Deep Eutectic Solvents for High-Temperature Electrochemical Capacitors.

This article provides an overview of a deep eutectic mixture based on the application of lithium nitrate (V) and acetamide as an electrolyte in a carbon-based electrochemical capacitor. This type of electrolyte is intended to be applied in devices designed for operation under critical conditions (e. g., extreme temperatures). In contrast to water- and common organic-based formulations, the proposed electrolyte ensures good device performance at 100 °C. To describe the chemistry of the proposed mixture, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used. Electrochemical analysis includes the verification of system ageing, self-discharge monitoring, leakage current measuring, and fundamental testing related to determining the specific capacitance or maximum voltage. Additionally, comprehensive analysis of the lithium nitrate salt and organic solvent addition to the operating system was carried out, including the replacement of lithium ions with sodium or potassium.

Synthesis and Characterization of Double-Salt Herbicidal Ionic Liquids Comprising both 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate and trans-Cinnamate Anions.

The synthesis and characteristics are presented of novel double-salt herbicidal ionic liquids (DSHILs) that contain 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate and trans-cinnamate anions. In the designed synthesis, an anion of natural origin and a herbicidal anion were combined with an amphiphilic bisammonium cation to obtain new DSHILs with high herbicidal activity while high biocompatibility is maintained. The NMR and HRMS spectral analysis confirmed that the target structures were formed. Furthermore, HPLC analyses indicated that, as assumed, both anions were present in equimolar amounts. Experiments regarding the herbicidal effectiveness confirmed that the synthesized DSHILs exhibited high biological activity. The solutions of DSHILs applied during greenhouse studies were characterized by a low contact angle (approx. 55-67°) and surface tension (approx. 32-35 mN m-1 ), which facilitated the contact of the active substance with the plant surface and penetration of the herbicide into the plant tissues.

Herbicidal Ionic Liquids Containing the Acetylcholine Cation.

This study presents a new group of herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on a cation occurs commonly in nature-acetylcholine. The HILs were obtained with a high yield through ion exchange between acetylcholine chloride and potassium or sodium salts of selected acids with herbicidal activity. The results of the herbicidal activity measurement against common oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) exceeded those of the commercial products. Spray solutions of the synthesized HILs revealed high surface activity and wetting properties which further manifested as higher herbicidal activity. The reduction of surface tension and low contact angles together with the specific action of acetylcholine allowed for better penetration of synthesized HILs into plant tissues. In addition, OECD 301F tests confirmed high mineralization of the HILs. The simple transformation of commercial herbicides into acetylcholine HILs proved to be a very effective method of increasing their activity, and constitutes an interesting solution to the problem of weed infestation with the use of a substance commonly found in nature.